Nikolay Voronin, who studied pre-Mongol Russian architecture, seconded his opinion that onion domes existed in Russia as early as the thirteenth century. In 1946, historian Boris Rybakov, while analysing miniatures of ancient Russian chronicles, pointed out that most of them, from the thirteenth century onward, display churches with onion domes rather than helmet domes. Wooden churches in Kizhi and Vytegra have as many as twenty-five onion domes According to this theory, they were strictly utilitarian, as they prevented snow from piling on the roof. Some scholars believe that onion domes first appeared in Russian wooden architecture above tent-like churches. Some scholars postulate that the Russians adopted onion domes from Muslim countries, possibly from the Khanate of Kazan, whose conquest in 1552 Ivan the Terrible commemorated by erecting St. The domes of Saint Basil's Cathedral have not been altered since the reign of Ivan's son Fyodor I ( r. 1584–1598), indicating the presence of onion domes in sixteenth-century Russia. It has been posited that onion domes first appeared in Russia during the reign of Ivan the Terrible ( r. 1533–1584). Restoration work on several other ancient churches has revealed some fragments of former helmet-like domes below newer onion cupolas. Two highly venerated pre-Mongol churches that have been rebuilt-the Assumption Cathedral and the Cathedral of Saint Demetrius, both in Vladimir-display golden helmet domes.
Supposedly, Russian icons painted before the Mongol invasion of Rus' of 1237-1242 do not feature churches with onion domes. Pear-shaped domes are usually associated with Ukrainian Baroque, while cone-shaped domes are typical for Orthodox churches of Transcaucasia. A number of these had more complicated bud-shaped domes, whose form derived from Baroque models of the late seventeenth century. The largest onion domes were erected in the seventeenth century in the area around Yaroslavl.
īy the end of the nineteenth century, most Russian churches from before the Petrine period had bulbous domes. Russian architecture used the dome shape not only for churches but also for other buildings. In contrast to this ancient form, each drum of a Russian church is surmounted by a special structure of metal or timber, which is lined with sheet iron or tiles, while the onion architecture is mostly very curved. Byzantine churches and architecture of Kievan Rus were characterized by broader, flatter domes without a special framework erected above the drum. But still several theories exist that the Russian onion shape was influenced by countries from the Orient, like India and Persia, with whom Russia has had lengthy cultural exchange. The curved onion style appeared outside of Russia, both in the Western world and in the Orient at a later time. It is not completely clear when and why onion domes became a typical feature of Russian architecture. Onion domes at the Church of the Resurrection, Kostroma (1652) Andrew's Church in Kyiv) or an onion-helmet mixture like the Saint Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod. Other types of Eastern Orthodox cupolas include helmet domes (for example, those of the Assumption Cathedral in Vladimir), Ukrainian pear domes ( Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv), and Baroque bud domes ( St. The origin of the design is thought to be the native architectural style of early Rus' tribes. However, the old buildings outside of Russia usually do not have the typical construction of the Russian onion design. Buildings with onion domes are also found in the Oriental regions of Central and South Asia, and the Middle East. There are similar buildings in other Eastern European countries, and occasionally in some Western European countries, like in Germany's Bavaria, Austria, and northeastern Italy. It is a typical feature of churches belonging to the Russian Orthodox church. These bulbous structures taper smoothly to a point. Such domes are often larger in diameter than the tholobate upon which they sit, and their height usually exceeds their width. The Taj Mahal in Agra (India), an example of Mughal architectureĪn onion dome is a dome whose shape resembles an onion.
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